Linking Words (Cohesion)

Why Linking Words Matter

Coherence and Cohesion is worth 25% of your IELTS Writing score. Examiners assess how smoothly your ideas flow from one to the next. The right linking words used correctly demonstrate sophisticated control of discourse. However — and this is critical — overusing linking words or using them incorrectly is penalised more than not using them.

The Golden Rule

Use a linking word only when it reflects a genuine logical relationship between two ideas. Never add "Furthermore" at the start of a paragraph just because it sounds academic. Ask yourself: does the relationship between these two ideas actually call for addition, contrast, or causation?

Addition — Adding a Supporting Point

Formal: Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, Additionally Less formal: Also, As well as this, Not only that Example: "Smartphones have transformed communication. Furthermore, they have revolutionised the way people consume information."

Contrast — Showing an Opposing Idea

Formal: However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, In contrast, Conversely Less formal: But, Although, Even though, Despite, In spite of Example: "Public transport reduces congestion. However, in rural areas it remains impractical for many residents."

Causation — Showing Cause and Effect

Cause: Because, Since, As, Due to the fact that, Owing to Effect: Therefore, Consequently, As a result, Thus, Hence Example: "Traffic congestion has worsened significantly. As a result, average commute times have doubled over the past decade."

Exemplification — Giving Examples

Formal: For instance, For example, To illustrate, A clear example of this is Less formal: Such as, Including, Like Example: "Many technological developments have improved daily life. For instance, telemedicine now allows patients in remote areas to consult specialists remotely."

Concession — Acknowledging the Opposing View

"While it is true that...", "Although X has some merit...", "It cannot be denied that...", "Granted..." Example: "While it is acknowledged that social media facilitates global connection, its negative impact on mental health cannot be dismissed."

Conclusion Signals

"In conclusion,", "To conclude,", "In summary,", "Overall,", "Taking everything into consideration,"

Words to Use Sparingly

"Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly" — acceptable but overused. Vary with "The primary reason", "An equally important factor", "Perhaps most significantly."

"In today's modern world" and "Nowadays" — used by virtually every IELTS candidate. Find a more specific and original opening.

What Examiners Penalise

Mechanical use — starting every paragraph with "Firstly", "Secondly", "Thirdly" and nothing else. Incorrect use — "Despite the fact although" (two contrast markers together) or "Because therefore" (cause and effect in the same clause). Overuse — a paragraph that begins with a linking word and contains three more is too dense.